Newsletter No. 97
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Free Pint
"Helping 42,000 people use the Web for their work"
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ISSN 1460-7239 4th October 2001 No.97
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IN THIS ISSUE
EDITORIAL
MY FAVOURITE TIPPLES
from Helen Clegg
FREE PINT BAR & STUDENT BAR
In Association with Factiva
a Dow Jones & Reuters Company
Reviewed by Simon Collery
JOBS
Researcher - Corporate Finance | Product Trainer
Pharmaceutical Research Analyst
FREE PINT REGULARS
TIPS ARTICLE
"Tax Links"
By Valerie Moyses
BOOKSHELF
"The Invisible Web:
Uncovering Information Sources Search Engines Can't See."
Written by Gary Price and Chris Sherman
Reviewed by Marylaine Block
FEATURE ARTICLE
"Taxonomies are what?"
By Liz Edols
FACT, EVENTS, GOLD AND FORTHCOMING ARTICLES
CONTACT INFORMATION
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KNOWEUROPE
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EDITORIAL
The format of this Free Pint Newsletter has remained largely unchanged
for the last four years and almost 100 editions - except of course for
the addition of new sections. Feedback from members suggests that you
really enjoy the content, but it's not always easy to spot the gems in
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So, ever responsive to our members' needs, we are today testing a new
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We bring you a taxing issue today, looking at online tax resources
along with an introduction to taxonomies, the latest hot topic in the
information world. Today's featured book is also well worth a look,
having been written by Web search experts Gary Price and Chris
Sherman.
Do tell us what you like and dislike about Free Pint, and please keep
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William
William Hann, Founder and Managing Editor
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MY FAVOURITE TIPPLES
from Helen Clegg
* <http://www.tradeport.org> This international trade information
Web site, an initiative of the US Baytrade organization, has a
great market research section, which is useful in my job.
* <http://www.oanda.com> Olsen & Associates' Currency Site. This is my
favourite Web site for checking actual and historical exchange
rates.
* <http://www.ebusinessforum.com> The Economist Intelligence Unit's
ebusinessforum Web site is a good place for strategic information on
the global digital economy.
* <http://www.lii.org> The Librarian's Index to the Internet - a
sound reference tool for all sorts of information.
* <http://www.webwombat.com.au> As a fan of Australia, I use this
Australian search engine to locate Web sites specific to Down Under.
Webwombat can locate New Zealand-specific Web sites too.
Helen Clegg is Market Analyst with RR Donnelley & Sons Company Europe,
in Amsterdam. Helen can be contacted at <Helen.Clegg@rrd.com>.
Tell us about your top five favourite Web sites. See the guidelines at
<http://www.freepint.com/author.htm> and email <simon@freepint.com>.
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I have heard recent murmurings about certain postings being
inappropriate for the Free Pint Bar. The Bar is for raising questions
about business information and that sort of thing. But it has also
been used for locating all manner of online data and resources. Some
of these questions seem very trivial and the answers are of interest
to few but the person asking.
On the other hand, some questions that appear trivial get replies
listing useful and fascinating sites and it would be a shame to miss
out on the serendipity that results. Some examples are the questions
about food safe paint (12977), music teachers (13123), space hoppers
(13015, 13041), literature (13031) and legitimate universities
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(13132). A more general version would be easier to answer and it
should prove useful to more Free Pinters. And the question about wind
loading codes in Nigeria would be easier to answer if we knew what
they are, at least roughly (13121). What subject are we talking about
here, broadly?
Other miscellaneous questions were about latitude and longitude
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(10156, 12925, 12971) and donating foreign coins to charity (12915).
I think there's a place for these questions but I would ask people to
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the question easier to answer.
Questions about business matters are rarely off message, though. They
range from setting up businesses and ebusinesses (12871, 12875,
12896, 13029) to locating German media and business information
companies (13070, 13014). There were also questions about dotcom
directories (12906), business award listings (12955) and old annual
reports (13077).
There were finance related questions about micro loans (12920),
corporate charity donations (12972), definitions of UK financial
terms (13003), insurance sites (12579), an information service called
ChoicePoint (13072) and Gibraltarian accounting data (13147).
Some questions result in very useful lists of resources that Free
Pinters can note for future use. Recent requests for direct mail
information (12944), hospital lists (12894), training company names
(12857), names of UK law firms (12877) and county court judgments
(13076) fall into that category. We were also recommended some Welsh
resources (12899, 13021) following our recent article on the subject.
And I reviewed a site on Artificial Intelligence (13135).
Library and information professionals have been hanging around the
Bar asking about Knowledge Management speakers (12729), online
libraries and online information (12954), new library and information
related resources (13044) and legal guidelines for a library and
information service (13125).
There have been several PR and market research questions, as usual
(12371, 12803, 12908, 13119) and more general research questions
about Internet kiosks (12607), knowledge over time theory (12996), an
Intranet pilot project (13001), UK teacher training sites (13117) and
having a good Saturday night out in Glasgow (13028).
Search matters have been raised in the forms of people finding
(12880), science image searching (12904), locating second hand tyres
(9246) and banner advertisements (13022). There was also one about
submitting your Web site to the major search engines (13101). And I
reviewed a couple of sites that deal with the important subject of
the Invisible Web (13004).
The Web can be great for quantitative and statistical data but you
may need to hunt around for it. Such queries usually get an answer in
the Free Pint Bar whether they are on UK telephone exchanges (10297),
social grades (10409), cargo crime (12942), voter turnout in US
elections (12976), hepatitis B data (13064), foreign students in the
UK (12973) and UK commercial litigation statistics (12946). We are
still looking for US motorcycle theft statistics (12898) and UK
consumer spending lists (12924).
Finally, there have been lots of technical queries about editing PDF
files in Word (12614), alternatives to Napster (12840), archiving
colour images (12879), interpreting email header data (12900),
monitoring Web traffic (12918), finding out when a Web page has been
updated and various online hoaxes (13073, 12968).
There were also questions about Mac Entourage (13034), the apparent
virus friendliness of Microsoft products (12989), satellite Internet
access (13035), software for producing labels (13099), reviews of CD
reader/writers (13126), picking up email with a WAP phone (13137).
Given the range of questions raised in the Free Pint Bars it's hard
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The Student Bar is livening up a bit after the holidays and we have
heard from people researching the average time people spend online
(1846), the publishing industry (1844), postgraduate Internet access
policies (1872) and free information packs about companies (1875).
There have been course related questions about MBAs (1841), UK
business universities (1847) and UK, US and Canadian library schools
(1861). We've also been notified about a two year doctorate in
business administration you can study for in the UK (1830).
Simon Collery, Content Developer <simon@freepint.com>
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ONLINE INFORMATION FOR THE CITY
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TIPS ARTICLE
<http://www.freepint.com/issues/041001.htm#tips>
"Tax Links"
By Valerie Moyses
Introduction
------------
The following is a selected list of links to websites containing:
* Information relevant for Taxation
* Background information on government, legislation
* International aspects of taxation, including Europe
* Professional, National and International Bodies and
Institutions
* Companies/Firms/Chambers
* Publishers
* Cases/Court sites
* Conferences
* General Internet information - reference, language, searching.
This list has been chosen on the basis of those websites which have
proved useful in regular news scanning. Unless otherwise stated, the
great majority of the information and services in these websites is
free. There are many more, but those which follow represent the
information sources most used by the Library of Croner.CCH in
supporting the work of the Tax Publishing Centre.
Portal Site
-----------
UK Taxation Directory by 7Soft <http://www.uktax.demon.co.uk/>
A large set of links updated regularly.
Government Websites
-------------------
Government portal site UKOnline <http://www.ukonline.gov.uk>
It aims to be the first and last port of call for UK
government information, but you need to register
The old Open Government (OpenGov) page, the one with the exhaustive
alphabetical index of government departments, local government,
quangos, etc., is now at:
<http://www.ukonline.gov.uk/online/ukonline/external?destination=>
<http://www.open.gov.uk/cctagis/government_pathfinders.htm>
The topic index, by subject, is at:
<http://www.ukonline.gov.uk/online/ukonline/external?destination=>
<http://www.open.gov.uk/index/topicindex.htm>
What's new on the government websites:
<http://www.open.gov.uk/cctagis/whatsnew.htm>
Parliament <http://www.parliament.uk/>
HMSO - Legislation <http://www.hmso.gov.uk/legis.htm>
You have to work down the hierarchy, subdivided first by country,
then by type of legislation, then by date
HMSO What's New - Legislation
<http://www.hmso.gov.uk/legislation/whatsnew.htm>
Latest legislation, (all types and for all parts of the UK) as
posted in the last few days
Legislation tracker
<http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/pabills.htm>
Track the progress of a Bill through Parliament; also link to the
House of Commons and the House of Lords papers on the Internet
Inland Revenue <http://www.inlandrevenue.gov.uk/index.htm>
Adjudicator's Office <http://www.adjudicatorsoffice.gov.uk/>
For complaints against the Inland Revenue, including the National
Insurance Contributions Office, Customs & Excise and the Valuation
Office Agency
Customs and Excise <http://www.hmce.gov.uk/>
Information for VAT, Customs, Excise.
H M Treasury <http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/>
Professional Bodies/ Institutions
---------------------------------
ICAEW <http://www.icaew.co.uk/>
The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. Plenty
of information, not just for accountants. There is a valuable
Library section, with massive amounts of information, even for
non-members, and notably an extremely useful links page.
Library page <http://www.icaew.co.uk/depts/adm/admlib/10adm0.htm>
Extensive links page <http://www.icaew.co.uk/menus/links/links.htm>
ICAEW - Tax Faculty <http://www.taxfac.co.uk/>
"TaxLine" - the Tax Faculty's on-line resource for tax
professionals. Much of the site is for members of the Tax Faculty,
but there is much remaining for open availability. Frequently
updated news section, weekly news update, articles and frequently
asked questions, etc. You can register for free email notifications.
CIOT - Chartered Institute of Taxation <http://www.tax.org.uk/>
"The professional body for Chartered Tax Advisers". A new and much
revamped version of their old website. News releases, etc.
The Low Incomes Tax Reform Group
<http://www.tax.org.uk/index.pl?section=42>
This sub-section of the CIOT ( see above) is a tax 'lobbying' body
for those on low incomes who cannot afford professional advice,
has been responsible for promoting various changes in recent years.
Association of Tax Technicians <http://www.att.org.uk/>
The website has been relaunched, just days after the CIOT's (its
associated organisation) own new website was unveiled. (See above.)
Newsletters, news releases, publications, and an e-mail alerting
system for new additions.
Institute for Fiscal Studies <http://www1.ifs.org.uk/>
The IFS is an independent research organisation which provides
economic analysis of public policy. "Fiscal Facts" are surveys of
the UK tax and benefit systems.
Institute of Directors <http://www.iod.co.uk>
Intended primarily for its members, this website has a mass of
information for business, some of which concerns taxation. News
releases, etc.
ACCA The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants
<http://www.acca.co.uk/> and <http://www.accaglobal.com/home/>
The largest global professional accountancy body. Huge recently
revamped website, updated several times a day, with all the latest
tax news (the Web page is available without the moving
presentation). Scroll down for news.
FSB Federation of Small Businesses <http://www.fsb.org.uk/>
Offers a regular e-mail newsletter to anyone who registers.
Web Resources
-------------
AccountingWeb (From the Sift Group) <http://www.accountingweb.co.uk/>
Its TaxZone is updated at least daily. AccountingWeb's "TaxZone"
is at: <http://www.accountingweb.co.uk/tax/index.html>
Business Zone <http://www.businesszone.co.uk/>
This website (also from the Sift group) offers sections called 'Tax
Facts' and a 'News Zone'. Also business directories and a links
page. A very large and frequently updated resource. It has just
had a big new website reorganisation.
IR35 <http://www.contractoruk.co.uk/ir35.html>
The IT contractors Group has a section of its website devoted to
helping independent contractors deal with the new IR35 regulations.
Firms/Chambers
--------------
Gray's Inn Tax Chambers <http://www.taxbar.com>
Tax case reporting service. The website also offers articles by
the partners on tax subjects
11 New Square <http://www.11newsquare.com/>
Chambers of John Gardiner, QC, specialising exclusively in Tax law
Cameron McKenna <http://www.cmck.com/>
LawNow information service <http://www.cmck.com/lawnow/index.cfm>
Ernst & Young <http://www.ey.com/>
Tax page at
<http://www.ey.com/global/gcr.nsf/International/Welcome_-_Tax>
KPMG <http://www.kpmg.co.uk/>
Tax page at <http://www.kpmg.co.uk/kpmg/uk/services/tax/index.cfm>
Deloitte & Touche <http://www.deloitte.co.uk/>
Tax News at <http://www.deloitte.co.uk/index.asp?Content=> and
<http://www.deloitte.co.uk/services/tax/taxnews2.html>
Price Waterhouse Coopers <http://portal.pwcglobal.com/portal/index.jsp>
New portal website. News, including tax news, at:
<http://www.pwcglobal.com/>
Grant Thornton <http://www.grantthornton.co.uk/>
International
-------------
The International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation <http://www.ibfd.nl/>
An independent, not-for-profit, Amsterdam-based organisation active
on a worldwide scale in the field of tax research, information and
education. Offers an International Glossary of Tax Terms at this URL.
World Bank <http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/tax/>
The World Bank Web page on Tax Policy and Administration:
LawResearch <http://www.lawresearch.com/v2/dbtax8a.htm#TOA>
Tax database on world taxes with a long list of links.
Europe
------
The EC Portal - Europa <http://www.europa.eu.int/index_en.htm>
The European Parliament
<http://www.europarl.eu.int/home/default_en.htm>
Taxation and Customs Union
<http://europa.eu.int/comm/taxation_customs/index_en.htm>
This is a new URL, since the Customs Union Web page
was reorganised
The publications list of the EU Taxation and Customs Union
<http://europa.eu.int/comm/taxation_customs/publications/publications.htm>
The Key, the publication of the Taxation and Customs Union of the EU
is often difficult to find. The latest issue (March 2001) is at:
<http://europa.eu.int/comm/taxation_customs/publications/thekey/key-15-00.pdf>
Europe - Law and Cases
----------------------
EurLex <http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/index.html>
The portal to European Law. Official Journal, treaties,
legislation, legislation in preparation, case-law
Cases lodged before the Court of Justice and cases lodged before the
Court of First Instance <http://curia.eu.int/en/recdoc/indexaz/index.htm>
UK - Cases
----------
Court Service <http://www.courtservice.gov.uk/info/news.htm>
Daily court listings, judgements, case reports from
Tribunals, glossary of legal terms, etc.
Search Engines and Portals
--------------------------
SearchEngineGuide <http://www.searchengineguide.com/>
Allows you to search 3689 search engines. Advice, newsletters, etc.
Vivisimo <http://vivisimo.com/>
I can hardly fault this search engine at all. Only one attempt at
searching has failed, (probably for good reason). Frequently the
answer I need is the first hit. Otherwise, it appears among the
first 5. The more I use this facility, the more useful little
features I find. Fast, easy, accurate.
Altavista <http://www.altavista.com/>
My previous favourite. Good for UK materials.
NorthernLight <http://www.northernlight.com/>
My previous no. 2. It organises results into useful folders.
Google <http://www.google.com/>
By popular demand, I include Google.
Publishers
----------
ABG <http://www.abgweb.com>
Blackstone Press <http://www.blackstonepress.com/>
Butterworths <http://www.butterworths.co.uk/>
Gee <http://www.gee.co.uk/>
IBFD <http://www.ibfd.com/>
Jordan Publishing Ltd. <http://www.jordanpublishing.co.uk/>
Sweet and Maxwell <http://www.sweetandmaxwell.co.uk/>
Newspapers
----------
Media portal page <http://www.zen.co.uk/home/page/wrx/alltnews.htm>
Linking to all the major UK newspapers at Zen. Also offers links
to Reuters, BBC, CNN, etc, and a search engine for latest news.
NB: All these newspaper websites are free at the moment, but the
writing is on the wall, and they may very soon charge - at least
for archive access.
Financial Times <http://news.ft.com/home/rw/>
Massive website for every aspect of financial news. Efficient search
engine for FT's own site as well as the Web. NB: changes are under
way as I write. See the FT website itself for further information.
FTYourmoney is the personal finance section <http://ftyourmoney.ft.com/>
Conferences and Exhibitions
---------------------------
Online Information <http://www.online-information.co.uk/>
Is claimed to be the world's largest event for the information
industry. December 4 - 6, 2001
London Book Fair <http://libf.co.uk/page.cfm/Link=117/NewSection=Yes>
NEC <http://www.necgroup.co.uk/>
NEC Forthcoming Events
<http://www.necgroup.co.uk/diary/displayEvents.htm?az=3&b=9999&c=9999&k=0>
Tax Charity
-----------
TaxAid <http://www.taxaid.org.uk/>
Offers tax advice to people who cannot afford to pay for it. You
can also get an email newsletter.
Think Tanks
-----------
Fabian Society <http://www.fabian-society.org.uk/>
The UK's premier left of centre think tank.
Demos <http://www.demos.co.uk>
Independent think-tank and research institute based in London
since 1993 to reinvigorate public policy and political thinking.
Centre for Policy Studies <http://www.cps.org.uk>
Its stated aims are to promote enterprise, the family, national
independence, individualism and liberty.
Centre for Reform <http://www.cfr.org.uk>
The Centre for Reform is a public policy think tank pursuing the
values of the Liberal Democrats, Papers on tax, etc.
Reference
---------
RefDesk <http://www.refdesk.com/>
Reference portal. Huge site but predominantly US orientated.
Xrefer <http://www.xrefer.com/>
Allows searching of over 50 reference databases in one go.
Encyclopaedias, dictionaries, thesauruses, quotations.
TravLang <http://dictionaries.travlang.com/>
Online translating dictionaries.
Glossary
<http://europa.eu.int/celex/eurovoc/cgi/sga_doc?eurovoc_dif!SERVEUR/menu!prod!MENU&langue=EN>
A useful thesaurus to explain some of the vocabulary used in the
EC. A search on 'Tax' produces well over 100 interlinked entries
and explanations.
> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Valerie Moyses is the Banbury-based Librarian/Information Manager of
CCH. She has extensive experience of Library and Information work both
in the UK and abroad, in legal, academic, medical and diplomatic
libraries. CCH <http://www.cch.co.uk> is part of Croner.CCH, which has
been one of the UK's leading information providers in the fields of
tax, company and commercial law, finance, employment law, health and
safety, education management, export and transport law for over 50
years.
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FREE PINT BOOKSHELF
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"The Invisible Web:
Uncovering Information Sources Search Engines Can't See."
Written by Gary Price and Chris Sherman
Reviewed by Marylaine Block
In a sense, there's almost no need to review this book -- if ever
there was a book that sold itself on the basis of the authors'
reputation, this is it. It seems like every other week on NeatNew I'm
pointing out yet another invaluable guide Gary Price has put together
(the most recent one being primary documents and transcriptions
related to the terrorist attacks at
<http://www.freepint.com/gary/91101.html>). And Chris Sherman, as
search guide for About.com, was known for his lucid lessons on
improving your search technique; now many of us are getting daily tips
from his Search Day column <http://searchenginewatch.com/searchday/>.
But I'm here to tell you that this book surpasses these elevated
expectations, mainly because it does what books do best: it provides
history, context, and lengthy explanations of the whys and wherefores.
It provides annotated descriptions of invisible web sites and
databases as well, but most importantly it takes the bits and pieces
of advice both men have offered in many columns, articles, and
speeches and integrates them into one seamless package.
The authors explain how search engines work and why they fail to find
answers available on the Invisible Web. They point out what we know
and our students do not: some answers are not on the web at all, or
likely ever to be; bless their hearts, they even tell readers that
sometimes the only way to get their answers is in a good library,
aided by a good librarian.
They teach readers the advantages and drawbacks of general and focused
search engines, directories, and other search tools. They explain how
to recognize when you might need an invisible web site, and ways of
finding an appropriate one.
The authors are gifted explainers who never lapse into unintelligible
jargon even when explaining the technical underpinnings of search
systems, which means that their book is just as accessible to casual
users as to information professionals; anyone teaching courses in
Internet searching or information literacy should consider using it as
a text.
Throughout the book, the authors make all their points concrete,
illustrating them with real life search problems. After they've
outlined all the basic concepts, they also offer seven case studies of
research problems, seven of them answered on the invisible web.
Significantly, the eighth is not, because the authors want us to
understand that some kinds of information simply do not exist on the
web.
After a discussion of what they think the future of search engine
technology might hold, they proceed to chapters on invisible web
resources in specific subject areas. This is where the book's web site
will come in handy, because as we all know, the web is a fickle place
and web addresses often change. For each web site they've chosen, they
explain what kinds of content can be found on it and what related web
resources are available.
In case you didn't guess, I'm suggesting you buy the book and read it.
Even if you're already a proficient searcher, I guarantee you'll be
more so by the time you finish.
> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Marylaine Block, who is also known for building the well-known web
site, Best Information on the Net (BIOTN), is now a full-time writer,
Internet trainer, and publisher of two e-zines for librarians,
ExLibris <http://marylaine.com/exlibris/> and Neat New Stuff I Found
This Week <http://marylaine.com/neatnew.html>. She's written numerous
articles for library publications and has edited a book of the wit and
wisdom of Barbara Quint, The Quintessential Searcher, recently
published by Information Today.
> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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* Find out more about this book online at the Free Pint Bookshelf
<http://www.freepint.com/bookshelf/invisible.htm>
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<http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/091096551X/freepint0c>
or Amazon.com
<http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091096551X/freepint00>
* "The Invisible Web : Uncovering Information Sources Search Engines
Can't See " ISBN 091096551X published by Cyberage Books and written
by Gary Price and Chris Sherman.
* Search for and purchase any book from Amazon via the Free Pint
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To propose an information-related book for review, send details
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FEATURE ARTICLE
<http://www.freepint.com/issues/041001.htm#feature>
"Taxonomies are what?"
By Liz Edols
In the summary of the EBIC 2000 Conference, Tom Koulopoulos, President
of the Delphi Group, declared 'Taxonomies are chic'. But just as
debate continues about how, and if, Knowledge Management differs from
Information Management, so too many library and information
professionals argue that a taxonomy is nothing more than a another,
albeit more fashionable name for a thesaurus or classification scheme.
Whatever the case, the term is widely used in KM, business and IT
literature. It first appeared in the digital environment in reference
to portal design and many Knowledge Management writers refer to the
Yahoo! portal and classification scheme as the archetypal example of a
taxonomy. In her article 'Practical taxonomies: hard-won wisdom for
creating a workable knowledge classification system' at
<http://www.phys.uni.torun.pl/~duch/ref/s-search/taxonomy/featureb1.htm>,
Sarah L. Roberts-Witt introduces the concept of taxonomies by
describing Yahoo! as one of the largest and most familiar 'knowledge
classification systems in the world, fronted by a basic but highly
useable taxonomy.'
Definitions
-----------
By this time you may be asking, 'Well, how is a knowledge taxonomy
defined?' Coherent definitions are hard to come by. Part of the
problem is that taxonomy, ontology, thesaurus, index, catalogue and
classification are often confused and used interchangeably. In fact,
in some hands traditional library terminology has become so fast and
loose that it is barely recognisable. But amongst the many
descriptions of taxonomies on the Web, it is possible to find some
that make sense. Probably the most comprehensive attempt to define the
term has come from Alan Gilchrist and Peter Kibby in their Executive
Summary of the report 'Taxonomies for business: access and
connectivity in a wired world',
<http://www.tfpl.com/areas_of_expertise/taxonomies/_report_/taxonomy_report.html>.
They describe a taxonomy as:
'- a correlation of the different functional languages used by the
enterprise
- to support a mechanism for navigating, and gaining access to the
intellectual capital of the enterprise
- by providing such tools as portal navigation aids, authority for
tagging documents and other information objects, support for search
engines, and knowledge maps
- and possibly, a knowledge base in its own right.'
Jean Graef from the Montague Institute has also come up with an
intelligible description in her article 'Managing taxonomies
strategically'. See an abbreviated version of this article at
<http://www.montague.com/review/taxonomy3.html>. Graef defines a
taxonomy as:
'structures that provide a way of classifying things - living
organisms, products, books - into a series of hierarchical groups to
make them easier to identify, study, or locate. Taxonomies consist of
two parts - structures and applications. Structures consist of the
categories (or terms) themselves and the relationships that link them
together. Applications are the navigation tools available to help
users find information.'
Both these definitions suggest that taxonomies as used in the digital
environment are something more than either a thesaurus or
classification scheme. While they may be based on what librarians
know to be vocabulary control and classification they also possess
other elements. Some of the ways that taxonomies differ from
traditional classification schemes and thesauri are that they:
- support structure, content and applications (navigational tools)
- are often created from an amalgamation and rationalisation of
different thesauri and indexes
- are customised to reflect the language, culture and goals of
particular enterprise
- are often created using a combination of human effort and
specialised software
- may refer to disparate information resources. On Intranets these can
include internal resources such as e-mails, memos, people and
documents as well as information sources such as books, parts of
books, reports and Web pages
- are usually created by multi-disciplinary teams
- are part of a process. Taxonomies must be constantly refined and
added to.
The value of taxonomies
-----------------------
As we all know, this is an age of information overload. In order to
control the glut of information we need to filter, categorise and
label it. Librarians have always understood this but others in the
digital environment have only recently arrived at the same conclusion.
Hence we see the emergence of new professions such as Information
Architecture. Major corporate Intranets and portals are now involved
in the restructuring of their sites so that effective information
management and retrieval is a priority. This almost always involves
the use of concepts based on cataloguing principles such as
classification, indexing and controlled vocabularies. Large,
organically-grown portals and Intranets are becoming a thing of the
past. Users must be able to find the information they want quickly
and easily which is not always possible when relying on full text
searching or browsing through unstructured links.
An interesting paper to read in this regard is Jan Sykes' 'The value
of indexing', <http://www.factiva.com/infopro/indexingwhitepaper.pdf>.
Sykes discusses the Factiva approach and the role of high quality
indexing and taxonomy design in promoting ease of retrieval. She
describes 'findability' as being at the core of good information
architecture and points out that controlled vocabulary indexing has
been shown to enhance full text retrieval by 10%.
Examples of taxonomies
----------------------
A great example of an online taxonomy in action can be seen at Jean
Graef's Montague Institute thesaurus and indexing page,
<http://www.montague.com:8080/Public/indexes.htm>. Graef, who
describes herself as a boundary spanner, is a former librarian who
now conducts workshops in taxonomy design. She uses her own site as
an example and teaching resource.
The site demonstrates how easy it is to locate information when a site
is designed with the user in mind. The foundation of the site is a
thesaurus and index. Cross-references and definitions help visitors to
the site understand any specialised terminology. Terms are hyper-
linked to the appropriate sources including other Web pages,
documents, people and so on. In order to make these connections
simpler the A-Z index is presented in 5 different ways - alphabetical
order, chronological order, subjects, organisations and people.
The A-Z index looks almost exactly the same as a back of the book
index. This means that it is instantly familiar and easy to navigate.
The use of 5 separate indexes reduces the amount of time needed to
scroll through a listing. If you want to search on a person you can
go straight to the People index. The same applies to subjects and
organisations. Whatever index you select is shown on the left side of
the page. For example if you are using the A-Z index and you select a
term such as 'taxonomies', the right side of the page will show the
index detail which includes a definition of taxonomies, cross
references and a list of documents related to the term.
Examples of corporate Intranets based on taxonomies are described in a
report by the leading consultants in the field, TFPL. In the late
1990s TFPL surveyed twenty-two enterprises including the BBC, Factiva,
Unilever, Glaxo Wellcome, Microsoft, Arthur Andersen, Ernst & Young
and PriceWaterhouseCoopers. The aim of this research was to find out
how these enterprises approached the problem of organising and
categorising their Intranet content. The final report can be
purchased from the TFPL Website at <http://www.tfpl.com>. Alan
Gilchrist, who worked on the project as a consultant, has also written
a number of articles referring to this research, for example, 'The
corporate taxonomy - the latest tool in the battle against information
overload', <http://www.rms-gb.org.uk/100%20Gilchrist.html>.
While the research revealed that there are numerous ways to approach
the design of a taxonomy, there are also a number of common points.
These include that the enterprises were aware of the need to develop a
better information structure; were prepared to commit substantial
financial resources to the project; understood the importance of using
a standardised terminology and recognised that user participation and
feedback was important.
Taxonomy Software
-----------------
There are now many different software solutions to assist in
automating the taxonomy building process. The TFPL research found
that most enterprises involved in taxonomy creation preferred to use a
combination of human and software indexing capabilities but suggests
that this may change as software becomes more sophisticated and
flexible. Some of the major taxonomy software packages and/or vendors
include:
* Autonomy <http://www.autonomy.com>
* Dialog InfoSort
<http://www.dialog.com/home/specials/info/online/infosort.shtml>
* Inxight <http://www.inxight.com>
* Plumtree Corporate Portal <http://www.plumtree.com>
* Quiver <http://www.quiver.com>
* Semio <http://www.semio.com>
* Verity Knowledge Organizer <http://www.verity.com>
Conclusion
----------
While there is still some confusion about how to describe taxonomies,
the basic concept is a useful one. Good taxonomies, based on the use
of classification and controlled vocabularies, result in more
efficient information retrieval. This ensures better productivity and
less user frustration. Where do taxonomies fit into the information
architecture paradigm? They are one part of it, though they may not
always be referred to as a taxonomy.
> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Liz Edols is an Australian freelance writer and researcher with a
background in librarianship. She has contributed to journals such as
Australian NetGuide and Online Currents and has a special interest in
Internet search techniques and new technologies that promote
information retrieval.
> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Related Free Pint links:
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>>> FREE PINT FACT <<<
The online version of this Newsletter has over
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FORTHCOMING EVENTS
<http://www.freepint.com/events>
We reiterate what we said in the last issue that you should check
whether events you are planning to attend have been rearranged due to
the events last month in America. For instance, TFPL's North American
Business Information Conference (NABIC) has been cancelled and the
conference of the Association of UK Media Librarians (AUKML)
has been postponed until next year.
We're delighted to hear though that most events are forging ahead, and
these include "Online Information for the City" from Learned
Information next week in London. At the end of the month there is
"KMWorld" from Information Today in Santa Clara, California.
We hope you're making plans to come to London in December for the
Online Information 2001 show which we're exhibiting at as normal. It
looks like it's going to be another excellent three days and of course
it's your chance to meet the Free Pint Team. Get your free tickets and
find out more at <http://www.online-information.co.uk>.
Provisional details of forthcoming conferences and exhibitions in the
online-information and Internet industries can be found on the Free
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FREE PINT GOLD
This time last year we had a fabulous article on finding patent
information on the Web. A must-read for researchers, inventors and
pioneering companies. There was also an interesting feature on the
decentralisation of search technologies.
* Free Pint No.72, 5th October 2000 "Influence of the Internet on
the Patent Process" and "All change for search technology?".
<http://www.freepint.com/issues/051000.htm>
As a coincidence to today's tax issue, Free Pint two years ago looked
at UK financial information sites. Sheila Webber told us how to get
visitors to our Web sites and importantly how to get them to return.
* Free Pint No.47, 7th October 1999 "Sources of UK Financial
Information on the Internet" and "Getting Good References".
<http://www.freepint.com/issues/071099.htm>
Viruses are always a hot topic, and we've given you much advice on
dealing with them in the Pub Crawl. You might remember a particularly
bad virus three years ago and so we ran some sage advice on protecting
your computer. Our feature looked at coffee resources on the Web,
which may sound somewhat specific. However we happen to know it helped
secure someone's job when they were tested to provide a rundown of
coffee sites by a particularly difficult business partner.
* Free Pint No.23, 1st October 1998 "The Good Times are not about to
end, unfortunately" and "There's an awful lot of coffee in Brazil:
Coffee information on the Web".
<http://www.freepint.com/issues/011098.htm>
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FREE PINT FORTHCOMING ARTICLES
[Provisional]
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GOODBYE
Thank you for reading today's edition of Free Pint - we really hope
you enjoyed it. Don't forget to check out the new Acrobat version at:
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See you in two weeks!
William Hann, Founder and Managing Editor
<william@freepint.com>
(c) Free Pint Limited 1997-2001
<http://www.freepint.com/>
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CONTACT INFORMATION
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About this Newsletter
- Publication Date: 3rd October 2001
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- Link: https://www.jinfo.com/go/newsletter/97
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