Newsletter No. 29
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Free Pint
"Helping 18,500 people use the Web for their work"
http://www.freepint.co.uk/
ISSN 1460-7239 7 January 1999 #29
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IN THIS ISSUE
EDITORIAL
TIPS AND TECHNIQUES
"Understanding 'cookies' on the Web"
by Jonathan Eaton
FEATURE ARTICLE
"Internet, copyright and linking"
by Charles Oppenheim
FREE PINT FEEDBACK
"Email notification for TV programmes"
"Various interesting sites"
"Year 2000"
"Data Protection & Authority Figures"
"Public libraries using porn filters on the Web"
"Web site promotion"
"Feedback on Free Pint"
CONTACT INFORMATION
ONLINE VERSION WITH ACTIVATED HYPERLINKS
http://www.freepint.co.uk/issues/070199.htm
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EDITORIAL
Following the excesses of the recent seasonal celebrations, Free Pint
is once again stuffed full of goodies. We start the unintentional
overindulgence with a look at cookies ... did you know you could be
consuming cookies whilst surfing the Web and not even realise it?!
Another problem with Christmas is of course empty wallets and purses.
Our Feature Article this issue tells you how to avoid unintentionally
losing more money by getting into trouble linking to other people's
sites ... were you aware you could be contravening copyright?
The Feedback section is also bursting with new sites, answers to
previous questions and some new requests for assistance.
"Suggested New Year's Resolution: Tell more people about Free Pint"
What more can I say ... Free Pint is free and all we ask is that you
help us to spread the word by forwarding this copy to someone who you
think may find it useful. We'll even send them a note for you:
http://www.freepint.co.uk/reco.htm
May I now invite you to read and enjoy your twenty ninth Free Pint!
Kind regards,
William
William Hann MIInfSc, Managing Editor
e: william@freepint.co.uk
t: +44 (0)1784 455435
f: +44 (0)1784 455436
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>>> ADVERTISE HERE <<<
Reach the desks of 18,500 regular users of Web resources at work
Full details at http://www.freepint.co.uk/advert.htm
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TIPS AND TECHNIQUES
"Nothing to do with Biscuits: understanding 'cookies' on the Web"
by Jonathan Eaton
You won't normally see them when you're connected to the
Internet and happily surfing away - but they will slip unnoticed into
files on your hard disk, and your Web browser will probably never
warn you of what's going on. Just what are these silent invaders -
stealthy computer viruses, or simply bits of cyberspace refuse?
"They" are in fact small textual messages called "cookies", sent by
Web servers to browsers in response to a request for an HTML
document, and, because browsers are by default configured to
accept cookies automatically, few Internet users will ever notice
them. This article will examine the purposes behind the use of
cookies, explain why they have become necessary, and show how
they can help (as well as possibly complicate) our use of the Web.
Browsers that support cookies accept a string of ASCII characters
from a Web server and store the "cookie" in a file on the user's
computer. Cookies thus save information relating to the user's
interaction with the originating Web server, typically associating its
URL with some related value or identifier. Subsequent requests for
the same URL cause the cookie data to be sent to the remote
server with which it was associated. A Web server's use of
cookies, however, is not mandatory but instead is entirely the
choice of its designer or manager. Cookies were introduced to
overcome one of the basic characteristics (some would say
"weaknesses") of the Web: there is no inherent connection
continuity or "state" between a Web server and the client browser.
This contrasts with the older style of computing that creates a
"session" between a terminal and a remote computer (like "Classic"
character-based Dialog or DataStar online services, for example).
The session generates a history of commands, their associated
output, and preferences that can be reviewed and re-run, and lasts
until the user ends it. If you've ever wondered why many Web-
based search services force you to resubmit your entire search
each time you want to modify only part of it, then here's the main
reason - "statelessness". Here's a (slightly truncated) cookie
entry set by the BBC's site at http://www.beeb.com/ as recorded by
Internet Explorer 4:
BEEB_ID 10002983131827324596 beeb.com/02654980480
Not very enlightening, is it? The main point to note is the presence
of a unique identification code associated with the Web address -
which might, for example, be used as an index key to a user's
registration details held on the server.
Imagine you have entered a Web-based online service, such as a
bookshop, that works on the basis of adding items to an electronic
"basket". As in a real shop, you put items for purchase in the
basket and finally take them to the till for payment. To make this
work, the server your browser interacts with must track your
movements and record your selections, since you will typically
need to request several different HTML pages during your shopping
trip. In this case, one or more cookies will be set to store the
data; when you fill in your credit card details to pay, all your
selections are thus passed to the server. This use of cookies to
provide a transaction or command log is not confined to electronic
commerce. Web sites that offer searchable databases may use
cookies to record the user's preferences and options, such as the
wish to restrict searching to the past three years every time the
database is accessed, for example. Or, in a bulletin-board
system, a cookie will record you have "read all messages", so on
the next visit you see only new mail.
How can you tell if a Web site is setting cookies? Most browsers
have options to control handling of cookies; these include
acceptance without warning, warning before acceptance, or
unconditional rejection. In Internet Explorer 4, select Internet
Options from the View menu. Click the "Advanced" tab and scroll
down to the Section headed "Security". The sub-section "Cookies"
lists the options. In Netscape Communicator 4, choose
Preferences from the Edit Menu, then Click on the "Advanced"
option. Two cautionary notes: if you choose to reject all cookies,
then some Web services will warn you that they will not function; if
you opt to accept but notify each time one is set, then you will very
quickly tire of clicking "OK" and your productivity will slump! For
some Web sites wish to set up to thirty cookies when asked for
their home pages; others may only require three.
Cookies can have other uses besides helping manage the
problems associated with the need to provide a customised
interface and content delivery. Many Web sites that offer some
form of proprietary content require an initial registration procedure,
involving sending some basic personal details to the desired
service via a Web form. In some cases this involves the user
having to choose their own username and password, or use one the
provider has supplied. Cookies may be used to record a
successful login attempt and often to support the option to
"remember" who you are, thus suppressing the normal login prompt
the next time you return to the site. Good practice here on the part
of the site designer is to encrypt the user id and password entry
stored in the cookie file to secure it from prying eyes.
Cookies have their problems, however. Since they are linked to the
browser on the PC that accepted them, cookies cannot travel
seamlessly with you as you move between computers in different
locations. If someone else uses your PC to access a registration-
protected site, they will become "you" if cookies are used for
access control. If your cookies files become corrupted or are lost,
then with them may disappear some of your personal Web service
preferences and access rights. They contain mysterious data
values relevant only to those responsible for creating them. For
some Web users, cookies represent a sinister potential loss of
control and possibly of anonymity - you can't tell precisely what
purpose they serve, or whether their contents may be passed to
another party. But until somebody invents something better, the
cookie will remain with us as an invisible accompaniment to our
Web explorations.
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(The author writes in a personal capacity)
Jonathan Eaton is Electronic Resources Manager at London Business
School Library, responsible for a wide range of networked services,
including bibliographic, full-text, historical and real-time financial
databases. He has previously worked as an information broker for
HERTIS Information & Research and for London Business School's
Information Service. He is a member of the project team for the eLib
Hybrid Libraries Phase III-funded Project HeadLine; speaks frequently
on electronic information resources management issues, and also writes
regular columns for "Managing Information" and "Information World
Review".
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Please help us spread the word to your colleagues and friends
Why not forward this copy to them or visit ...
http://www.freepint.co.uk/reco.htm
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FEATURE ARTICLE
"Internet, copyright and linking"
by Charles Oppenheim
The basic principles regarding the Internet and copyright are,
contrary to some commentators' views, very clear. The Internet is NOT
a territory where no law applies, or where it is difficult to draw the
line between legal and illegal actions. The same basic principles -
that anything original automatically obtains copyright protection, and
that infringement occurs when someone copies all or a substantial part
of that material without permission - apply as for more traditional
media.
Where there are problems are in what is, or is not considered to be
"fair dealing" in the Internet environment, and deciding who is to
blame for the infringement. In the former case, valuable work is under
way between the Joint Information Systems Committee of the Higher
Education Funding Councils of the UK and the Publishers Association,
the trade association for UK publishers, establishing agreed ground
rules for what is considered to be fair dealing in the Internet
environment. Interested readers are advised to inspect the rules at:
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib/papers/pa/fair/intro.html
On the latter issue, the general principle that applies is easily
explained. A third party will be liable for illegality (whether it is
copyright infringement, defamation, race hate material, pornography or
whatever) on the Internet as long as two things apply. The first is
that the third party knew, or had good reason to know, that something
illegal was going on. The second is that the third party could
control what was being put on. The third party could be an employer,
an Internet Service provider, a portal, a subject gateway, an
electronic publisher, etc. In addition, the originator of the
illegality (a student, an author, etc.) is always liable, but if he or
she is (say) a student, the legal action is more likely to be targeted
at the third party as it is likely to have more cash to pay in
damages.
To my mind, the most interesting copyright aspect relates to linking.
There have been many cases of unwanted linking to pages. An
interesting (possibly apocryphal) case was where the parents of a dead
girl had created an "in memorial" Web site to her memory, only to find
that there was unwanted linking to the page which had a photograph of
the girl from an Internet service entitled "Babe of the Week".
In the best known case, the Shetland Times case, when a user at the
Shetland News website clicked on certain headlines, the user was sent
to the website of the Shetland Times, where the entire article was
displayed. The Times claimed that this link violated their copyright
in their headlines and misled users into thinking the articles were
part of the News, when in fact they were written by Times
correspondents. The parties settled the case out of court by agreeing
that: each link to an individual story included the legend "A Shetland
Times Story"; the Shetland Times masthead logo appeared on a button
next to each headline; and the legend and the button linked to the
Shetland Times Online headline page.
A US case, the TotalNews case, concerned the use of frames to enclose
someone else's Web material inside your frames to make it look as if
you had created it. This too was settled out of Court. TotalNews, an
aggregator of web news sources, employed frame technology to display
news sites from around the Web. When a user clicked on the news
source, the content from that news source appeared in a frame. It was
surrounded, however, by TotalNews's URL, logo, and banner
advertisements. Six content providers - CNN, Time-Warner, Reuters, The
Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal and the LA Times - sued,
claiming that such framing was "the Internet equivalent of pirating
copyrighted material." They also alleged misappropriation, trademark
infringement and trademark dilution. The content providers presumably
were concerned that it was not clear they were the originators of the
news stories, and perhaps believed that advertising revenue would be
diverted from them to TotalNews.
TotalNews agreed that it would no longer: frame any of the plaintiffs'
content; use any of the plaintiffs' trademarks or logos on their
website; or intentionally link to any third party website that frames
the plaintiffs' content or uses their trademarks.
The plaintiffs in return granted a licence to TotalNews to link to
their websites via hyperlinks consisting of the names of the linked
sites in plain text, which could be highlighted.
It is worth stressing that both these well known cases were settled
out of court, and that therefore the decisions do not represent case
law, but it is reasonable to draw some conclusions regarding sensible
practice when linking. Many organisations would like to have their Web
sites linked as frequently as possible to others', and would like
their URLs to come top of the list after any Web search engine search.
As a rule, simple linking is legal, but the use of frames to contain
linked content should only be carried out with the express permission
of the owner of the framed materials.
Even if the link is legal, it is prudent to approach the owner of the
linked URL if there is any likelihood that the link would violate any
reasonable expectation of privacy or income.
Consent, therefore, should be requested (and you should not link if
the request is refused or if there is no answer) when: the link
falsely implies an affiliation between sites (for example, "click here
to reach our partners", and the link includes an organisation that is
not a partner); the link uses the trademark or logo of the linked site
(link by a company name rather than by using its trade marks);
linking to a page other than a home page in circumvention of the
linked site's preventive measures; the linked site requests or
requires consent; the linking site diverts advertising revenue from
the linked site; or the linking is likely to offend current norms of
acceptable behaviour, such as the Babe of the Week example quoted
earlier.
What liability is there for the content on a linked site? For
example, if you link to a site that includes illegal material, could
you be liable? It may be best to post a disclaimer on your site that
indicates that the links are for information only, and do not
constitute an endorsement or approval of the material on the linked
sites, but this is no guarantee of immunity if the linked site is
blatantly illegal.
Overall, my own view is that simply placing a link is no more an
infringement than the library catalogue telling you it stocks a book
is an invitation to you to photocopy it in its entirety. What is less
safe is if you copy a title; you will probably get away with it, but
there is a chance you could be sued and have to fight a case to prove
the point. What is certainly unsafe is to copy over more than a title,
or to surround someone else's WWW material with your frames.
There are also Moral Rights issues raised by links. If you put in a
link that lowers the originator's reputation, that may be derogatory
treatment. So, if you took this text and added a link to a racist WWW
site, I might sue.
Further reading
Read Andrew Charlesworth's "Legal issues on the Internet" in the
Proceedings of the UKOLUG 20th Birthday Conference, edited by Chris
Armstrong and Dick Hartley, ISBN 1-870254-11-2, or my "The Legal and
Regulatory Environment for Electronic Information" (3rd edition)
published by Infonortics, Tetbury, Wiltshire, ISBN 1-873699-53-0. Both
books appeared in late 1998.
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Charles Oppenheim is Professor of Information Science at Loughborough
University. Prior to that he had a varied career in academia and the
electronic information industry. He is best known for his work on
legal issues for the information professional, but his professional
interests also cover topics such as citation studies, the value and
impact of information, the electronic information industry,
information policies and knowledge management. He is an Honorary
Fellow of the Institute of Information Scientists and a Fellow of the
Library Association. Like all ex-Infotainers, most of his hobbies are
unpublishable, but he can reveal that he is an aficionado of T-shirts
and sandals.
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FREE PINT FACT
A "Pint" (as relates to a measure of capacity for liquids) is 4546cc
in Britain, but 3785cc in the US. Does this mean that "Free Pint"
should be shortened when sent across the Atlantic?
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FREE PINT FEEDBACK
Subject index:
* Email notification for TV programmes
* Various interesting sites
* Year 2000, Free Pint #27
* Two separate questions: Data Protection & Authority Figures
* Public libraries using porn filters on the Web, Issue #28
* Web site promotion
* Feedback on Free Pint
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Subject: Email notification for TV programmes
From: Various
Date: January 1999
Original question ...
"I'd love to see keyword specific e-mail notification for TV
programmes. A few sites have promised to do keyword searches and the
one that currently claims to does not work whenever I try it. Perhaps
you could put this query to the Free Pint populace."
Andrew Shuttleworth
... responses ...
"Readers might like to know that the BBC has a service called TV
Alert, which although not keyword indexed, does allow broad subject
access to TV and radio programmes on the BBC to be delivered to you
by email. It can be found at http://www.bbc.co.uk/education"
Fiona O'Brien, BBC
"The UK Realaudio Tuner at http://urn.nott.ac.uk/tuner is the
only website giving a straightforward listing of UK radio stations
and tv shows available on the Internet."
Ian Maddox, Nottingham
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Subject: Various interesting sites
Date: January 1999
As you can imagine, we are constantly contacted with details of new
and interesting Web sites. I'm afraid we can't review them all, but
here are a selection of the most interesting ...
Crayon http://www.crayon.net/ - personalisable news aggregation site.
'Create your own paper' style and choose from a variety of sources
which provide headline feeds or choose your own custom sources
Travelocity http://www.travelocity.co.uk - a homepage designed
specifically for the British traveller, including last minute deals,
packages, airport & destination guide, weather, theatre booking, etc.
MSNBC News Alert http://www.msnbc.com/toolkit.asp - concentrates on
U.S. news but also an excellent source of international news. The Help
is located at http://www.msnbc.com/tools/newsalert/nahelp.asp and
provides you a fairly good description of how the system works and
what information you can obtain.
FSEC http://www.financial-planning.uk.com - providing consumers with
a free on-line financial services educational resource.
NewsTrawler http://www.newstrawler.com/ - a parallel search engine
that retrieves the summaries of articles from the archives of hundreds
of online information sources around the world like newspapers,
journals, magazines.
Magazine Rack http://www.magazine-rack.com/ - features links to lots
of online magazines, presented as a graphical, virtual magazine rack.
Thank you to those who told us about the above sites, including
Andrew Shuttleworth, Bob Scratch, Clive Sanderson, Ravi Srinivasan
and James Hubbs
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Subject: Year 2000, Free Pint #27
From: Alison Hicks, University of Sheffield
Date: December 1998
In issue #27, you included a letter on the Year 2000 bug and I thought
you might be interested to know that the Institute of Information
Scientists are planning a seminar on this topic. The session will
cover issues surrounding the Y2K bug and solutions for the
information profession. It is to be held in London on the afternoon
of January 22nd 1999 and full details are available by email to
iis@dial.pipex.com or telephone 0171 831 8003.
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Subject: Two separate questions: Data Protection & Authority Figures
From: Names withheld on request
Date: Wednesday 6th January 1999
"I'm searching for information on the Data Protection Act 1998 and how
it will affect the voluntary sector/charities. Can anyone point me in
the right direction on the Internet?"
"I would like to know who are the authority figures in the field of
"Current Awareness Services", "Selective Information Dissemination"
and "Push Technology". Could anyone help?"
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Subject: Public libraries using porn filters on the Web, Issue #28
From: Various
Date: December 1998 and January 1999
In Free Pint #28, Lance Housley (Reference Librarian, North Devon
Library, UK) asked ...
"Towards the end of November 98 ... there was a court judgement in
Virginia, USA to the effect that it is illegal for an American public
library to insist that people using its computers to access the Web
MUST use a porn filter ... Does anyone know anything about this?"
... and we have had a number of responses ...
"I have listed below two sites which I have followed for quite some
time and find that they both are quite excellent for following up on
any and all issues of legislation concerning the Internet:
The Center for Democracy and Technology ..... http://www.cdt.org/
The Electronic Frontier Foundation .......... http://www.eff.org/ "
Walter M. Littleton
"Answer: See copious discussion on Web4Lib archive at
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Web4Lib/archive.html
There is also a separate list FILT4LIB."
Pam Davies, Edward Boyle Library, University of Leeds
"The following items can be found at Edupage:
VIRGINIA LIBRARY BARRED FROM SOFTWARE-FILTERING
(Washington Post 24 Nov 98)
LIBRARY REMOVES SOFTWARE FILTERS
(Washington Post 3 Dec 98)
If you go to the Edupage archives, you will find more articles on
this case." http://webserv.educom.edu/edupage/edupage.html
Stephanie Bianchi, NSF Library.
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Subject: Web site promotion
From: Various
Date: January 1999
We continue to receive a horde of emails asking how to drive more
traffic to Web sites and promote them effectively with the smallest
budget. We have covered this in a number of past issues ...
Web Site Promotion Ideas
. . . . . . . . . . . . http://www.freepint.co.uk/issues/121198.htm
First Amongst Equals (Search Engine Placement)
. . . . . . . . . . . . http://www.freepint.co.uk/issues/230798.htm
Web Site Marketing - How do they do that?
. . . . . . . . . . . . http://www.freepint.co.uk/issues/110698.htm
The International Marketing Power of Domain Names
. . . . . . . . . . . . http://www.freepint.co.uk/issues/020498.htm
... but here are some more suggestions ...
"My Internet in Print Index lists over 160 Internet magazines and
magazines with Internet columns available at:
http://www.hw.ac.uk/libWWW/irn/inprint.html
Announcing services can guarantee some hits, especially:
Whatsnew.com ..... http://www.whatsnew.com/whatsnew/
What's New Too! .. http://newtoo.manifest.com/today.html
The announcing newsgroups don't seem to be very effective nowadays."
Roddy MacLeod, Senior Faculty Librarian, Heriot-Watt University
"How do you attract visitors to your website with the smallest
possible budget? Why, pose an interesting question to the thousands of
subscribers to a high-quality free internet publication, of course!"
Jenny Gristock - http://www.sussex.ac.uk/prpk1/index.html
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Subject: Feedback on Free Pint
From: Various
Date: December 1998 and January 1999
"Whew ... I signed up for your newsletter and haven't looked back
since. I am absolutely astonished. Very professional and very helpful,
plenty of humour without losing the point(pint) ..."
James van Etten - http://www.vanettenillusions.com/
"Let me truthfully say that yours is one of only three e-zine I make
a point of reading as soon as it hits my mail box. Most I skim; some
I deep-six at once, if they're in the middle of a herd of other stuff.
Why? Free Pint feels as if it is written from the point of view of
one professional to another. Too many e-zines talk down to to their
readers as if they are dropping pearls of wisdom from the heavens ---
when all they are dropping is clods of recycled pap, mixed in with
tons of 'classifieds'."
Mike Harris
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Subject: Corrections in #28
From: Rex Cooke, Editor, Free Pint
Date: Wednesday 6th January 1999
Thank you to those keen-eyed readers who spotted the (not so)
intentional errors in issue #28:
* "EEVL" is indeed the Edinburgh Engineering Virtual Library
available at http://www.eevl.ac.uk/
By the way, several enhancements are currently being introduced,
including extra search functionality. Check it out.
* "Dates From Hell" is at http://www.datesfromhell.com/dfh/index.htm
About to launch an e-zine if you're interested
* "There is a world market for maybe five computers." was indeed
originally misjudged by Thomas Watson
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DO YOU HAVE A QUESTION, COMMENT OR REPLY?
Let us know your feedback or favourite site by sending an email to
the Free Pint team now to feedback@freepint.co.uk
remembering to include your name, title and company or organisation.
Please note, if you write to us we may publish your letter in whole
or part for the interest of our subscribers unless you request
otherwise at the time of writing. Please let us know if you wish
your contact details to be withheld.
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Thank you for reading Free Pint. We hope you will forward this copy
to colleagues, friends and journalists, or ask them to visit our Web
site soon at http://www.freepint.co.uk/
See you in two weeks!
Kind regards,
William Hann, Managing Editor
william@freepint.co.uk
(c) Willco 1999
http://www.willco.co.uk/
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CONTACT INFORMATION
William Hann MIInfSc, Managing Editor
e: william@freepint.co.uk t: +44 (0)1784 455435 f: +44 (0)1784 455436
Rex Cooke FIInfSc FRSA, Editor
e: rex@freepint.co.uk t: +44 (0)1784 455435 f: +44 (0)1784 455436
Jane, Administrator e: jane@freepint.co.uk
Address (no stamp needed)
Willco "Free Pint", FREEPOST (SEA3901), Staines
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About this Newsletter
- Publication Date: 7th January 1999
- Plain text
- Link: https://www.jinfo.com/go/newsletter/29
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